XU
INTRODUCTION.
wholly outside Utkala and Odra, and the people of Kalinga had of connection with the people of rude highland tracts. The derivation of the words Odra and Utkala will also confirm this view. The names Odra and Ukkala (now reduced to Utkala) are doubtless of Dravidian origin. Odru in old Dravidian means those who run-away, from the root Odu, to run compare the modern Canarese term Odi^u which means, as Caldwell says, to cause to run away; Odu should not be confounded with Odu, to read. Again, the word Okkala (more properly Okkalan) means, even in modern Tamil, a cultivator of the soil (compare the feminine form Okkalati, a farmer's wife) that the Okkalas or the Ukkala Bhuiyas have been agricultural people from remote past, is a fact of significance. That the Utkalas remained outside the Kalinga Empire has become pretty clear the Odras also must have been away from the Kalinga people, as they were runaway people. I should remind the readers here that the nncient Dravidian speeches, as Caldwell has shown were closely allied, and the Tamil speech is now nearest to the old-time Dravidian languages. We have met with the expression Mudu Kalinga as the name of the Kalinga Empire. The word Mudu means three in Telegu. Now we all know that with the upper, the middle and the lower regions of the empire, corresponding respectively to the districts of Godavari cum Ganjam, Puri cum Cuttack, and Balasore, the whole of Kalinga Ratta got the name Trikalinga even in Pliny's Pliny time the name was Mudu Kalinga and not Trikalinga spells the name of the country as Modogalingam. By quoting his reference from Pliny, General Cunningham gives the name of Northern Kalinga as Gangaride-Calinga and of Southern Kalinga as Macco-Calingae it is interesting that at one time the capital town of Upper Kalinga was named Mukalingam. Trikalinga is undoubtedly the translation of Mudu Kalinga. The people of Trikalinga came to be called in the Aryan language the Trikalingas or the Telingas or the Telegu people. It is said that the disintegration of the Trikalinga Empire commenced in the 2nd century A.D., when some new Andhra rulers established their sway over the middle and the lower Kalinga. As the Telegu people of the present day describe themselves as the Andhra people, the new rulers of the 2nd century A.D. cannot be considered to have been alien to the Kalinga people. We do not however know whether at the time of this dynastic change or revolution some portions of U tkala and Odra were politically linked with the sea-
no manner
board tract of Orissa. Probabilities are that Orissa did not come under the direct of the Telegus, when the Odras and the Utkalas were leading a rude life, for though many place-names of the country are Dra-
sway
vidian in origin, the peoples of barbarian speeches did not adopt a Dravidian tongue we notice in this connection that with the exception of Orissa and those districts of Western India and the Deccan in which Marathi is spoken, the whole of the Peninsular portion of India has one form or another of the Dravidian language.
